Question on data parallelization

Daniel_Wang · January 12, 2024, 10:07pm

Hello,

As I have been testing different devices, for eg, “default.qubit.torch” and “lightning.qubit”.

If I understand it correctly, default.qubit.torch is written purely in torch framework and lightning.qubit is probably written in C++ . So I am thinking which one could be faster if it can be parallelized. For lightning.qubit, I see that it parallelized the observable calculations on different GPUs but not on the data level(for eg, divice batch_size by number of GPUs). Then I tried nn.torch.parallel on default.qubit.torch as I think it should work, but it pops the error of inconsistency of data locations (some on GPU 1, some on GPU 2). So I just wonder if my understanding is correct, and why nn.torch.parallel does not work on default.qubit.torch. Thanks!

In the following I attached some information:

Name: PennyLane
Version: 0.34.0
Summary: PennyLane is a Python quantum machine learning library by Xanadu Inc.
Home-page: GitHub - PennyLaneAI/pennylane: PennyLane is a cross-platform Python library for differentiable programming of quantum computers. Train a quantum computer the same way as a neural network.
Author:
Author-email:
License: Apache License 2.0
Location: /home/shuwang/miniconda3/envs/job_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages
Requires: appdirs, autograd, autoray, cachetools, networkx, numpy, pennylane-lightning, requests, rustworkx, scipy, semantic-version, toml, typing-extensions
Required-by: PennyLane-Lightning, PennyLane-Lightning-GPU

Platform info: Linux-5.15.133.1.amd64-smp-x86_64-with-glibc2.31
Python version: 3.10.12
Numpy version: 1.26.3
Scipy version: 1.11.4
Installed devices:

lightning.qubit (PennyLane-Lightning-0.34.0)
default.gaussian (PennyLane-0.34.0)
default.mixed (PennyLane-0.34.0)
default.qubit (PennyLane-0.34.0)
default.qubit.autograd (PennyLane-0.34.0)
default.qubit.jax (PennyLane-0.34.0)
default.qubit.legacy (PennyLane-0.34.0)
default.qubit.tf (PennyLane-0.34.0)
default.qubit.torch (PennyLane-0.34.0)
default.qutrit (PennyLane-0.34.0)
null.qubit (PennyLane-0.34.0)
lightning.gpu (PennyLane-Lightning-GPU-0.34.0)
cuda
Traceback (most recent call last):
File “/CT/QN3DScene/work/Hardware_test/test_qubit_default_torch.py”, line 118, in
loss_evaluated = loss(model(xs), ys)
File “/home/shuwang/miniconda3/envs/job_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/nn/modules/module.py”, line 1518, in _wrapped_call_impl
return self._call_impl(*args, **kwargs)
File “/home/shuwang/miniconda3/envs/job_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/nn/modules/module.py”, line 1527, in _call_impl
return forward_call(*args, **kwargs)
File “/home/shuwang/miniconda3/envs/job_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/nn/parallel/data_parallel.py”, line 185, in forward
outputs = self.parallel_apply(replicas, inputs, module_kwargs)
File “/home/shuwang/miniconda3/envs/job_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/nn/parallel/data_parallel.py”, line 200, in parallel_apply
return parallel_apply(replicas, inputs, kwargs, self.device_ids[:len(replicas)])
File “/home/shuwang/miniconda3/envs/job_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/nn/parallel/parallel_apply.py”, line 110, in parallel_apply
output.reraise()
File “/home/shuwang/miniconda3/envs/job_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/_utils.py”, line 694, in reraise
raise exception
RuntimeError: Caught RuntimeError in replica 0 on device 0.
Original Traceback (most recent call last):
File “/home/shuwang/miniconda3/envs/job_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/nn/parallel/parallel_apply.py”, line 85, in _worker
output = module(*input, **kwargs)
File “/home/shuwang/miniconda3/envs/job_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/nn/modules/module.py”, line 1518, in _wrapped_call_impl
return self._call_impl(*args, **kwargs)
File “/home/shuwang/miniconda3/envs/job_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/nn/modules/module.py”, line 1527, in _call_impl
return forward_call(*args, **kwargs)
File “/home/shuwang/miniconda3/envs/job_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/nn/modules/container.py”, line 215, in forward
input = module(input)
File “/home/shuwang/miniconda3/envs/job_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/nn/modules/module.py”, line 1518, in _wrapped_call_impl
return self._call_impl(*args, **kwargs)
File “/home/shuwang/miniconda3/envs/job_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/nn/modules/module.py”, line 1527, in _call_impl
return forward_call(*args, **kwargs)
File “/CT/QN3DScene/work/Hardware_test/test_qubit_default_torch.py”, line 81, in forward
res = self.QNode(x, self.weights, self.cond)
File “/CT/QN3DScene/work/Hardware_test/test_qubit_default_torch.py”, line 77, in QNode
return qnode(inputs, weights, cond)
File “/home/shuwang/miniconda3/envs/job_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pennylane/qnode.py”, line 1039, in call
res = qml.execute(
File “/home/shuwang/miniconda3/envs/job_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pennylane/interfaces/execution.py”, line 648, in execute
results = inner_execute(tapes)
File “/home/shuwang/miniconda3/envs/job_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pennylane/interfaces/execution.py”, line 261, in inner_execute
return cached_device_execution(tapes)
File “/home/shuwang/miniconda3/envs/job_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pennylane/interfaces/execution.py”, line 383, in wrapper
res = list(fn(tuple(execution_tapes.values()), **kwargs))
File “/home/shuwang/miniconda3/envs/job_env/lib/python3.10/contextlib.py”, line 79, in inner
return func(*args, **kwds)
File “/home/shuwang/miniconda3/envs/job_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pennylane/_qubit_device.py”, line 459, in batch_execute
res = self.execute(circuit)
File “/home/shuwang/miniconda3/envs/job_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pennylane/devices/default_qubit_torch.py”, line 247, in execute
return super().execute(circuit, **kwargs)
File “/home/shuwang/miniconda3/envs/job_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pennylane/_qubit_device.py”, line 277, in execute
self.apply(circuit.operations, rotations=self._get_diagonalizing_gates(circuit), **kwargs)
File “/home/shuwang/miniconda3/envs/job_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pennylane/devices/default_qubit_legacy.py”, line 296, in apply
self._state = self._apply_operation(self._state, operation)
File “/home/shuwang/miniconda3/envs/job_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pennylane/devices/default_qubit_legacy.py”, line 344, in _apply_operation
return self._apply_unitary_einsum(state, matrix, wires)
File “/home/shuwang/miniconda3/envs/job_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pennylane/devices/default_qubit_legacy.py”, line 905, in _apply_unitary_einsum
return self._einsum(einsum_indices, mat, state)
File “/home/shuwang/miniconda3/envs/job_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/functional.py”, line 377, in einsum
return _VF.einsum(equation, operands) # type: ignore[attr-defined]
RuntimeError: Expected all tensors to be on the same device, but found at least two devices, cuda:1 and cuda:0! (when checking argument for argument mat2 in method wrapper_CUDA_bmm)

And my test code:
import pennylane as qml
import torch
import pdb
import math
from sklearn.datasets import make_moons
import numpy as np
import torch.nn as nn
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import time

qml.about()

device = torch.device(‘cuda’ if torch.cuda.is_available() else ‘cpu’)
print(device)

torch.set_default_dtype(torch.float32)

X, y = make_moons(n_samples=3000, noise=0.1)

y = y[:, np.newaxis]

data_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(
list(zip(X, y)), batch_size=200, shuffle=True, drop_last=True
)

class QuantumLayer(nn.Module):

def __init__(self, n_qubits, rep, gaussian_std):
    super().__init__()
    self.n_qubits = n_qubits
    self.sim_dev = qml.device('default.qubit.torch', wires=n_qubits)
    self.show_plot = True

    self.weights = nn.Parameter(
         torch.normal(torch.zeros(n_qubits, rep), torch.full((n_qubits, rep), gaussian_std)).to(device))

    self.cond = nn.Parameter(
         torch.normal(torch.zeros(n_qubits, n_qubits, rep), torch.full((n_qubits, n_qubits, rep), gaussian_std)).to(device))

def Y_rotations(self, params, var_qubits):
    # Perform Y-rotations
    for i in range(len(params)):
        qml.RY(params[i], wires = var_qubits[i])

def conditional_full_entangle(self, weights, entangle_qbs):
    n = len(entangle_qbs)
    for i in range(0, n):
        for j in range(n):
            if j != i:
                qml.CRY(phi = weights[i, j], wires = [i, j])

def QNode(self, inputs, weights, cond):

    @qml.qnode(self.sim_dev, interface = 'torch', diff_method = 'backprop')
    def qnode(inputs, weights, cond):
        qml.templates.AngleEmbedding(inputs, wires=[0, 1])

        # construct blocks
        for i in range(weights.size()[-1]):

            self.conditional_full_entangle(cond[:self.n_qubits,:,i], list(range(self.n_qubits)))
            self.Y_rotations(weights[:self.n_qubits,i], list(range(self.n_qubits)))

        return [qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(i)) for i in range(2)]

    if  self.show_plot == True:
        fig, ax = qml.draw_mpl(qnode, decimals = 2)(inputs, weights, cond)
        plt.show()
        plt.savefig('Framework')

        self.show_plot = False

    return qnode(inputs, weights, cond)

def forward(self, x):

    res = self.QNode(x, self.weights, self.cond)
    if torch.numel(res[0]) == 1:
        q_out = torch.stack(res).reshape(self.n_qubits, -1).T.float()
    elif torch.numel(res[0]) != 1:
        q_out = torch.cat(res).reshape(self.n_qubits, -1).T.float()

    return q_out

q_layer = QuantumLayer(n_qubits = 2,
rep = 2,
gaussian_std = 0.1)

clayer_2 = torch.nn.Linear(2, 1)

layers = [q_layer, clayer_2]
model = torch.nn.Sequential(*layers)

model.to(device)

model = torch.nn.DataParallel(model, device_ids=[0, 1])

opt = torch.optim.SGD(model.parameters(), lr=0.2)
loss = torch.nn.L1Loss()

epochs = 6

for epoch in range(epochs):

running_loss = 0

for xs, ys in data_loader:

    xs, ys = xs.to(device), ys.to(device)

    opt.zero_grad()

    loss_evaluated = loss(model(xs), ys)

    loss_evaluated.backward()
    opt.step()

    running_loss += loss_evaluated

print(running_loss)

And another note: I also tested this on a classical NN which works. So I guess this should be the problem of the device default.qubit.torch

isaacdevlugt · January 17, 2024, 12:20am

Hey @Daniel_Wang,

default.qubit.torch is indeed written using PyTorch. The thing to note here though is that it’s based on our old device API (default.qubit.legacy). For that reason, we don’t recommend using it unless there’s something you need that the old device API has and the new one (default.qubit) doesn’t. Using default.qubit will now seamlessly switch you to the right backend .

On GPU parallelization with PyTorch, I’m not 100% sure here. I’ll have to ask internally! My suspicion is that you can’t directly parallelize PennyLane-Torch code with PyTorch (e.g., with nn.torch.parallel), but I will double check that.

isaacdevlugt · January 17, 2024, 2:59pm

Yep! Looks like that’s the case. Here’s what my colleague wrote back to me:

The pure-PyTorch support of GPUs (i.e., not using lightning.gpu or lightning.kokkos, but instead using Torch primitives to send to GPU) is more coincidental and not something we’ve proactively tested or planned to support, so it’s not a surprise that it’s not working with nn.torch.parallel.
As you point out, Lightning GPU does parallelize over observables but doesn’t have the data-parallel support that you want.

isaacdevlugt · January 18, 2024, 1:08am

Also worth mentioning here too that you can get parallization (CPUs) with good old default.qubit. See here (Accelerate calculations with multiprocessing): qml.devices.default_qubit.DefaultQubit — PennyLane 0.34.0 documentation

Daniel_Wang · January 24, 2024, 9:53pm

Thanks for the clarification:>.

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