# Is qml.AmplitudeEmbedding() supported for IBM HW? **URL:** \ **Category:** PennyLane Help\ **Created:** [January 22, 2024, 11:18pm UTC](https://discuss.pennylane.ai/t/is-qml-amplitudeembedding-supported-for-ibm-hw/3941 "2024-01-22T23:18:57Z")\ **Posts on this page:** 5\ **Page:** 1
**Author:** ![Jan\_Balewski](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/flex012/user_avatar/discuss.pennylane.ai/jan_balewski/32/2220_2.png) [@Jan\_Balewski](https://discuss.pennylane.ai/u/Jan_Balewski)\ **Post date:** [January 22, 2024, 11:18pm UTC](https://discuss.pennylane.ai/t/is-qml-amplitudeembedding-supported-for-ibm-hw/3941/1 "2024-01-22T23:18:57Z")
Hi, I continue to try different aspects of PennyLane. In this tutorial > **[Generalization in QML from few training data | PennyLane Demos](https://pennylane.ai/qml/demos/tutorial_learning_few_data/)** > > Generalization of quantum machine learning models. you are using amplitude embedding: qml.AmplitudeEmbedding() to input 8x8 images on 6 qubits. Is an implementation available for this method of state initialization on gate-based real hardware? If not, are there any alternatives for O(100) pixel image embedding for real HW execution when using PennyLane? I made a simple example which runs on ‘default.qubit’ but crashes in transpiler if I change device to ‘ibmq\_qasm\_simulator’. The error is: `TranspilerError: "HighLevelSynthesis was unable to synthesize Instruction(name='reset', num_qubits=1, num_clbits=0, params=[])."` This is the reproducer: ```auto num_wires = 4 X=np.random.rand(2 ** num_wires) X/=np.linalg.norm(X) if 1: backN='ibmq_qasm_simulator' from qiskit_ibm_provider import IBMProvider provider = IBMProvider() backend = provider.get_backend(backN) dev = qml.device('qiskit.ibmq', wires=num_wires, backend=backend, shots=2000) else: dev = qml.device('default.qubit', wires=num_wires) def encoder( features): wires = list(range(num_wires)) qml.AmplitudeEmbedding(features=features, wires=wires, pad_with=0.5) return qml.probs(wires=wires) qnode = qml.QNode(encoder, dev) print(qml.draw(qnode)(X)) # run circuit on IBM HW probTens = qnode(X) ``` This is my software stack: ```auto Name: PennyLane Version: 0.34.0 Summary: PennyLane is a Python quantum machine learning library by Xanadu Inc. Home-page: https://github.com/PennyLaneAI/pennylane Author: Author-email: License: Apache License 2.0 Location: /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages Requires: appdirs, autograd, autoray, cachetools, networkx, numpy, pennylane-lightning, requests, rustworkx, scipy, semantic-version, toml, typing-extensions Required-by: PennyLane-Cirq, PennyLane-Lightning, PennyLane-Lightning-GPU, PennyLane-qiskit, PennyLane-SF Platform info: Linux-6.6.9-200.fc39.x86_64-x86_64-with-glibc2.35 Python version: 3.10.12 Numpy version: 1.23.5 Scipy version: 1.11.4 Installed devices: - default.gaussian (PennyLane-0.34.0) - default.mixed (PennyLane-0.34.0) - default.qubit (PennyLane-0.34.0) - default.qubit.autograd (PennyLane-0.34.0) - default.qubit.jax (PennyLane-0.34.0) - default.qubit.legacy (PennyLane-0.34.0) - default.qubit.tf (PennyLane-0.34.0) - default.qubit.torch (PennyLane-0.34.0) - default.qutrit (PennyLane-0.34.0) - null.qubit (PennyLane-0.34.0) - cirq.mixedsimulator (PennyLane-Cirq-0.34.0) - cirq.pasqal (PennyLane-Cirq-0.34.0) - cirq.qsim (PennyLane-Cirq-0.34.0) - cirq.qsimh (PennyLane-Cirq-0.34.0) - cirq.simulator (PennyLane-Cirq-0.34.0) - lightning.qubit (PennyLane-Lightning-0.34.0) - lightning.gpu (PennyLane-Lightning-GPU-0.34.0) - strawberryfields.fock (PennyLane-SF-0.29.0) - strawberryfields.gaussian (PennyLane-SF-0.29.0) - strawberryfields.gbs (PennyLane-SF-0.29.0) - strawberryfields.remote (PennyLane-SF-0.29.0) - strawberryfields.tf (PennyLane-SF-0.29.0) - qiskit.aer (PennyLane-qiskit-0.34.0) - qiskit.basicaer (PennyLane-qiskit-0.34.0) - qiskit.ibmq (PennyLane-qiskit-0.34.0) - qiskit.ibmq.circuit_runner (PennyLane-qiskit-0.34.0) - qiskit.ibmq.sampler (PennyLane-qiskit-0.34.0) - qiskit.remote (PennyLane-qiskit-0.34.0) ``` ---
**Author:** ![isaacdevlugt](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/flex012/user_avatar/discuss.pennylane.ai/isaacdevlugt/32/1159_2.png) [@isaacdevlugt](https://discuss.pennylane.ai/u/isaacdevlugt)\ **Post date:** [January 23, 2024, 11:19pm UTC](https://discuss.pennylane.ai/t/is-qml-amplitudeembedding-supported-for-ibm-hw/3941/2 "2024-01-23T23:19:42Z")
Hey @Jan_Balewski, thanks for continuing to try PennyLane out! I’ll have to get back to you on this one 🤔. Sit tight while I ask around! ---
**Author:** ![Lillian\_Frederiksen](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/flex012/user_avatar/discuss.pennylane.ai/lillian_frederiksen/32/2246_2.png) [@Lillian\_Frederiksen](https://discuss.pennylane.ai/u/Lillian_Frederiksen)\ **Post date:** [January 25, 2024, 4:03pm UTC](https://discuss.pennylane.ai/t/is-qml-amplitudeembedding-supported-for-ibm-hw/3941/3 "2024-01-25T16:03:39Z")
Hi @Jan_Balewski, it seems that you have uncovered a bug in Qiskit. The best option is for you to open a bug report in Qiskit directly, but if you don’t know how to do it I can open the report there myself! What’s happening is that the conversion of `AmplitudeEmbedding` to instructions for Qiskit requires the use of the `QuantumCircuit.reset` Qiskit function. It’s the same bug [reported here](https://github.com/Qiskit/qiskit-aer/issues/2015) for the Aer simulator (looks to be fixed in `qiskit_aer` 0.13.1), but it seems like the bug is still there in the QASM simulator. This code is being called on the Qiskit end and failing: ```auto from qiskit_ibm_provider import IBMProvider from qiskit import QuantumRegister, QuantumCircuit, transpile provider = IBMProvider() backend = provider.get_backend("ibmq_qasm_simulator") qr= QuantumRegister(2) qc = QuantumCircuit(qr) qc.reset(qr) transpiled_qc = transpile(qc, backend) ``` Because they have already fixed this bug in the Aer simulator, there is a bit of a work-around you can use here to get your code above to run - you can use one backend to compile and another to run. To do this, make sure you have `qiskit_aer` 0.13.1 or higher installed in your environment (otherwise you can `pip install`), and then add a QiskitAer device as the compilation backend when initializing your device in PennyLane. Then it will use the Aer simulator for the `transpile` function that is failing above, and the transpiled circuit will run on the QASM simulator. You do this by adding the `compile_backend` kwarg to device and passing it an instance of `AerSimulator` - everything else in your code can stay the same. I.e. where you create the device, use ```auto from qiskit_aer import AerSimulator dev = qml.device('qiskit.ibmq', wires=num_wires, backend=backend, shots=2000, compile_backend=AerSimulator()) ``` I do notice that you mention in your text running on hardware. I tried switching out the simulator in your code with the `ibm_kyoto` device, that that successfully compiled and queued a task for the hardware to run. It will be a few hours until I can see the results of that, but at the moment it looks like your code should compile fine if/when you want to move from the QASM simulator backend to a hardware backend! If you have other questions, or need help opening a bug report with Qiskit, let me know! ---
**Author:** ![Jan\_Balewski](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/flex012/user_avatar/discuss.pennylane.ai/jan_balewski/32/2220_2.png) [@Jan\_Balewski](https://discuss.pennylane.ai/u/Jan_Balewski)\ **Post date:** [January 26, 2024, 7:46pm UTC](https://discuss.pennylane.ai/t/is-qml-amplitudeembedding-supported-for-ibm-hw/3941/4 "2024-01-26T19:46:49Z")
Thank you Lillian for your help. I’m home now. I just tested Aer and I get the correct results, within statistical error, e.g. for 1000 shots and 16 pixels image stored on 4 qubits gives me ```auto num_wires = 4 X=np.random.rand(2 ** num_wires) X/=np.linalg.norm(X) ... probTens = qnode(X) maxErr=max(abs(X*X-probTens)) print('Max error in prob=%.3f'%maxErr) ``` Results with: `Max error in prob=0.027` Also, I’m able to run the same circuit against real HW: ‘ibm\_cairo’, ‘ibm\_hanoi’ and get some results. The error is much larger but due to limited connectivity the circuit depth is approaching 30 CX-gates I do no corrections. That is life. Thanks again Jan ---
**Author:** ![CatalinaAlbornoz](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/flex012/user_avatar/discuss.pennylane.ai/catalinaalbornoz/32/1196_2.png) [@CatalinaAlbornoz](https://discuss.pennylane.ai/u/CatalinaAlbornoz)\ **Post date:** [January 29, 2024, 8:53pm UTC](https://discuss.pennylane.ai/t/is-qml-amplitudeembedding-supported-for-ibm-hw/3941/5 "2024-01-29T20:53:39Z")
It’s great that you could solve this with Lillian’s help @Jan_Balewski ! Enjoy using PennyLane!